Articulatory phonetic features for improved speech recognition. To utilize the articulatory features in mdd, they must. Such knowledge is valuable not only for the understanding of emotion encoding in the articulatory domain in conjunction from linguistic perspective but also for articulatory speech synthesis that can accommodate emotional coloring. In the domain of speech synthesis, kello and plaut 16 showed that synthesized speech driven by articulatory data had a word identification rates cof 84%, 8% lower than those of the actual recordings despite the fact that the ema data had been complemented with measurements.
In these studies, often the articulatory features derived from the acoustics are treated as generic or speakerindependent representations of the speech signal. Pdf mage reactive articulatory feature control of hmm. Studies have demonstrated that articulatory information can model speech variability effectively and can potentially help to improve speech recognition performance. Index termsexpressive speech synthesis, emotion, pronunciation adaptation, conditional. Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. Using articulatory features and inferred phonological segments in zero resource speech processing. The main objective of this report is to map the situation of todays speech synthesis technology and to focus. Articulatory speech synthesis models the natural speech production. An articulatory feature serves as a road map to what the articulators are doing when a phoneme is produced. Unsupervised clustering for expressive speech synthesis joao p. The following table explains how to get from a vocal tract to a synthetic sound. Here, articulatory features are the positions of articulators when pronouncing phonemes and reflect the pronunciation mechanisms of each phoneme. The data is recorded from two native estonian speakers one male and one female, the target amount of the corpus is approximately one hour of speech from both. We also describe an evaluation of the resulting gesturebased articulatory tts, using artic.
Articulatory features for expressive speech synthesis. Cabral trinity college dublin, ireland the adapt centre is funded under the sfi research centres programme grant rc2106 and is cofunded under the european regional development fund. Compared to other approachesinspeechsynthesis,ithasthepotentialtosynthesize speech with any voice and in any language with the most natural quality. Unsupervised clustering for expressive speech synthesis. The theory behind controllable expressive speech synthesis arxiv.
A central challenge for articulatory speech synthesis is the simulation of realistic articulatory movements, which is critical for the generation of highly natural and intelligible speech. Expressive speech synthesis by playback approach expressive speech synthesis by implicit control 2. Currently, the most successful approach for speech generation in the commercial sector is concatenative synthesis. This paper describes some of the results from the project entitled new parameterization for emotional speech synthesis held at the summer 2011 jhu clsp workshop. Can we generate emotional pronunciations for expressive speech synthesis ieee transactions of affective computing, 2018.
Datadriven synthesis of expressive visual speech using an. Among various approaches for ess, the present paper focuses the development of ess systems by explicit control. The characteristics of synthetic speech can be easily controlled by modifying generated articulatory features as part ofthe process of producing acoustic synthesis parameters. We explain how speech can be represented and encoded with audio features. Browmanand louis goldsteint introduction gestures are characterizations of discrete, physically real events that unfold during the speech production process.
Measurements of articulatory variation and communicative. In this approach, the ess is achieved by modifying the parameters of the neutral speech which is synthesized from the text. This paper proposes novel approaches to mispronunciation detection and diagnosis mdd on secondlanguage l2 learners speech with articulatory features. January 22nd 2019 this is a collection of examples of synthetic affective speech conveying an emotion or natural expression and maintained by felix burkhardt. The present study used articulatory speech synthesis to generate synthetic words with different combinations of articulatory acoustic features and explored their individual and combined effects on the intelligibility of the words in pink noise and babble noise. Here we designed a neural decoder that explicitly leverages kinematic and sound representations encoded in human cortical activity to synthesize audible speech. Sequencelevel data is simpler to work with in applications where precise alignment with original waveform is not important. In normal speech, the source sound is produced by the glottal folds, or voice box.
In the field of expressive speech synthesis, a lot of work has been conducted. Mage reactive articulatory feature control of hmmbased parametric speech synthesis by maria astrinaki, alexis moinet, junichi yamagishi, korin richmond, zhen. Integrating articulatory features into hmmbased parametric speech synthesis article pdf available in ieee transactions on audio speech and language processing 176. Where generative models are used based on averages of speech units. Timothy bunnell 2, ying dou 3, prasanna kumar muthukumar 1, florian metze 1, daniel perry 4, tim polzehl 5, kishore prahallad 6, stefan steidl 7, and callie vaughn 8. After a short overview of human speech production mechanisms and wave propagation in the vocal tract, the acoustic tube model is derived. The synthesizer we have used is the one developed at kth and at rutgers, tracttalk 5. Articulatory speech synthesis is the most rigorous way of synthesizing speech, as it constitutes a simulation of the mechanisms underlying real speech production. Measurements of articulatory variation in expressive. Towards realtime twodimensional wave propagation for articulatory speech synthesis the journal of the acoustical society of america 9, 2010 2016.
Evaluation of a voice quality centered coder on the different acoustic dimensions. Modeling consonantvowel coarticulation for articulatory. Given dynamic process of speech, the articulatory features may change during the pronunciation of a phoneme, the mapping chart provides two sets of articulatory features for the start and end portions respectively of such phonemes, as illustrated by the ay,b and t lines in table 2. One of the main problems regarding expressive speech synthesis is the vast amount of possibilities. Videorealistic expressive audiovisual speech synthesis for the greek language. A biomechanical modeling approach the journal of the acoustical society of america 141, 2579 2017. The theory identifies theoretical discrepancies between phonetics and phonology and aims to unify the two by treating them as low and highdimensional descriptions of a single system. This presents a new challenge in acoustic as well as in visual speech synthesis. Articulatory features for expressive speech synthesis alan w. However, prosody is highly related to the sequence of phonemes to be expressed. It also may serve as input for the encoder in sequencetosequencebased speech synthesis. Pdf magereactive articulatory feature control of hmm. Exploiting articulatory features for pitch accent detection.
Gnuspeech gnu project free software foundation fsf. Haskltki laboratones status report on speech research 1992, sr111. It is a modified version of the hmmbased paramet in this paper, we present the integration of articulatory con ric speech synthesis approach that has become a mainstream trol into m age, a. Pdf speech production theory and articulatory speech. Index terms articulatory features, hidden markov model.
Wang ling, chris dyer, alan w black, isabel trancoso, twotoo simple adaptations of word2vec for syntax problems naacl2015, denver, usa, june 2015 alan w black and prasanna kumar muthukumar, random forests for statistical speech synthesis interspeech 2015, dresden, germany. Gesturebased articulatory text to speech synthesis vocaltractlab. The classification of speech sounds in this way is called articulatory phonetics. Expressive synthesized speech with respect to giving kismet the ability to generate emotive vocalizations, janet cahns work e. Instead of using the actual articulatory features obtained by direct measurement of articulators, we use the posterior probabilities produced by multilayer perceptrons mlps as articulatory features. Integrating articulatory features into hmmbased parametric speech synthesis. Alan w black carnegie mellon school of computer science. Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. Articulatory features for large vocabulary speech recognition. Inverted articulatory features have been found useful for speech recognition 911, but their effectiveness in speech modification is not well studied. Effect of articulatory and acoustic features on the. A further direction in datadriven processing is statistical parametric speech synthesis 5. Tts director, a tool to tune the texttospeech system, expressive units can be.
Index terms speech synthesis, articulatory features, emo tional speech. Articulatory features for speech driven head motion synthesis by atef ben youssef, hiroshi shimodaira and david a. Phonology modelling for expressive speech synthesis halinria. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech computer or speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. We describe experiments on how to use articulatory features as a meaningful intermediate representation for speech synthesis. Integrating expressive phonological models in a tts system to generate. One feature of this research tool is the simulated annealing optimization procedure that is used to optimize. Articulatory synthesis is the production of speech sounds using a model of the vocal tract. Articulatory synthesis based on phonetic input is so far typically based on non expressive speech, i. International symposium on speech, image processing and neural networks, pages 595 598, april 1994 s. A textto speech tts system converts normal language text into speech. Articulatory features for expressive speech synthesis conference paper in acoustics, speech, and signal processing, 1988. Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences.
According to schroder 2009, the expressive speech synthesis approaches can be broadly classified into the following three categories. Continuous expressive speaking styles synthesis based on cvsm. We present a history of the main methods of texttospeech. Examples of manipulations using vocal tract area functions in. Timothy bunnell 2, ying dou 3, prasanna kumar muthukumar 1, florian metze 1, daniel perry 4, tim polzehl 5, kishore prahallad 6, stefan steidl 7, and callie vaughn 8 1 language technologies institute, carnegie mellon university. New parameterizations for emotional speech synthesis. The gnuspeech suite still lacks some of the database editing components see the overview diagram below but is otherwise complete and working, allowing articulatory speech synthesis of english, with control of intonation and tempo, and the ability to view the.
Among various approaches for ess, the present paper focuses the development of ess systems. This kind of articulatory feature has also been applied to expressive speech synthesis in recent work 14. Can we generate emotional pronunciations for expressive speech. Panagiotis paraskevas filntisis, athanasios katsamanis, pirros tsiakoulis, petros maragos. Articulatory speech synthesis using a parametric model and a polynomial mapping technique. For synthesis, a source sound is needed that supplies the driver of the vocal tract filter. When looking at articulatory synthesis based on phonetic input, it is exclusively based on non expressive speech, i.
This model uses a set of articulatory and emotional features directly. Pdf integrating articulatory features into hmmbased. Control of an articulatory speech synthesizer based on dynamic approximation of. Finally, the scope for the present work is given in sect. If the goal is to understand the acoustic and articulatory characteristics. Expressive synthetic speech pictures taken from paul ekman. Several studies have shown how articulation is affected by expressiveness in speech, in other words, articulatory parameters behave differently under the influence of different emotions 2, 3. Speakers often use a more exaggerated way to pronounce accented phonemes, so articulatory features can be helpful in pitch accent detection. The following subsections describe the main principles of the three most commonly used speech synthesis methods. Apr 09, 2019 select article videorealistic expressive audiovisual speech synthesis for the greek language. Articulatory speech synthesis models the natural speech production process. Articulatory phonology is a linguistic theory originally proposed in 1986 by catherine browman of haskins laboratories and louis m.
The main concept is that natural speech has three attributes in the human speech processing system, i. Speech synthesis by articulatory models helmuth plonerbernard abstract this paper is supposed to deliver insights into the various aspects associated with the. Articulatory features for expressive speech synthesis by alan w. Mage reactive articulatory feature control of hmmbased. The paper introduces workinprogress on multimodal articulatory data collection involving multiple instrumental techniques such as electrolaryngography egg, electropalatography epg and electromagnetic articulography ema.
Pdf articulatory features for expressive speech synthesis. We present work carried out to extend the text to speech tts platform. Towards realtime twodimensional wave propagation for. Section 3 describes the two accent conversion methods and the equivalent articulatory. Articulatory features for speechdriven head motion synthesis. As a speech synthesis method it is not among the best, when the quality of produced speech sounds is the main criterion. However, for studying speech production it is the most suitable method. Automatic head motion prediction from speech data, in. Interspeech 2016 september 812, 2016, san francisco, usa.
Most of previous studies on lip movement synthesis have relied on the recordings from one subject in order to avoid. Concatenative synthesizers store segments of natural speech. We describe experiments on how to use articulatory features as a meaningful. Speech is created by digitally simulating the flow of air through the. For instance, articulatory features have to be mapped into acoustic features, which correspond to a different representation, before using a vocoder. The gnuspeech suite still lacks some of the database editing components see the overview diagram below but is otherwise complete and working, allowing articulatory speech synthesis of english, with control of intonation and tempo, and the ability to view the parameter tracks and intonation contours generated. Abstract this paper describes some of the results from the project entitled new parameterization for emotional speech synthesis held at the summer 2011 jhu clsp workshop. Her system was based on dectalk, a commercially available textto speech speech synthesizer that models the human articulatory tract. Control of an articulatory speech synthesizer based on dynamic approximation of spatial articulatory targets. We built all our models in the context of the festival speech synthesis engine 22. During the last few decades, advances in computer and speech technology increased the potential for speech synthesis of high quality. Can we generate emotional pronunciations for expressive. Attention model for articulatory features detection. Mage reactive articulatory feature control of hmmbased parametric speech synthesis maria astrinaki 1, alexis moinet 1, junichi yamagishi 2.
As a first step toward using articulatory inversion in speech modification, this article investigates the impact on synthesis quality of replacing measured articulators with predictions from. Articulatory phonology attempts to describe lexical units. Measurements of articulatory variation in expressive speech. However, expressiveness can have a strong effect on articulation and speech production.
Examples of manipulations using vocal tract area functions. Decoding speech from neural activity is challenging because speaking requires very precise and rapid multidimensional control of vocal tract articulators. Terms such as bilabial, labiodental, fricative, and trill characterize and classify the articulatory features of different phonemes. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which usually involves modifying the position of the speech articulators, such as the tongue, jaw, and lips. Timothy bunnell, ying dou, prasanna kumar muthukumar, florian metze, daniel perry, tim polzehl, kishore prahallad, stefan steidl and callie vaughn. A comprehensive articulatory speech synthesizer is very important to the success of voice mimicking systems.
Speech driven expressive talking lips with conditional sequential generative adversarial. More information about this subject can be found, for example, in the masters thesis of sami lemmetty see the literature list at the end of this chapter. Articulatory speech synthesizer changshiann wu department of information management. Phonemelevel parametrization of speech using an articulatory model.
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